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Probleme der Küstenforschung im südlichen Nordseegebiet 27, 2001, 39-52
Based on residues of ironworking and non-ferrous metalworking from the settlement mound Feddersen Wierde the authors re-evaluate W. HAARNAGEL's ideas concerning the organisation of metalworking. Distribution and quantity of the finds are interpreted as indicating a rather small scale metalworking without a marked differentiation between the working of iron and non-ferrous metal. The idea of a specialised metal handcraft has been rejected in favour of polytechnically skilled craftsmen. They would either have worked as craftsmen and farmers (agricultural polytechnics), or they would have practised several crafts (polytechnically skilled professional craftsmen). Inhalt: Auf Grundlage der Funde zur Eisen- und Buntmetallverarbeitung von der Wurt Feddersen Wierde wird W. HAARNAGELs Auffassung zur Organisation der Metallverarbeitung neu bewertet. Die Verbreitung und Menge des Fundmaterials werden dahingehend interpretiert, daß das Ausmaß der Metallverarbeitung gering und keine ausgeprägte Trennung zwischen Eisen- und Buntmetallverarbeitung vorhanden war. Die Vorstellung eines spezialisierten Metallhandwerks wird zugunsten polytechnisch begabter Handwerker aufgegeben, die entweder Handwerk und Landwirtschaft betrieben (bäuerliche Polytechniker) oder mehrere Handwerke nebeneinander ausübten (polytechnisch begabte Berufshandwerker).
The research project “Exclusive Metalworking in Rural Settings” was instigated in 2013 with funding from the Berit Wallenberg Foundation. The objective of the project is to survey sites with remains of multimetal craftsmanship of the late Iron Age and medieval periods outside urban contexts. This article aims to contextualize preliminary results from the project and evaluate its chosen source material and methodology. The survey has so far identified several complex smithing sites in the rural and nearurban landscape. The multimetal sites are divisible into three categories: sites in the vicinity of towns, sites related to central places and more or less independent provincial sites. Sites from each of these categories are presented below and the results that the macrolevel survey has yielded as to the multimetal craftsmanship conducted are analysed. The results are then used to pursue a broader discussion concerning the conceptual aspects of complex metalworking – multimetality in the landscape.
This archaeometallurgical study describes a series of ironworking experiments performed with the intention of investigating the complexity, and improving our understanding of early ironworking, with a focus on early medieval Ireland (400-1100 AD). It combines craft skill and experimental archaeology in order to research the techniques of producing and processing iron available to the early medieval ironworkers, as well as the tools and features required to perform them. Iron was smelted in a bloomery furnace reconstructed on the basis of finds from Grange 2, Co. Meath. Two iron blooms were produced and processed in three different ways: consolidating, fold-welding and re-smelting. The last of these was previously often seen as improbably or impossible. The methods were chosen and designed based archaeological and written sources, as well as previous experimental research. 12 knives were produced from the processed bloom and sectioned for metallography. This leads to critical appraisal of the possibilities and limitations of archaeological metallography. The possibilities of several procedures producing a similar metallographic sample are investigated, as well as possible multiple interpretations of archaeological samples. Archaeological comparanda among the analysed Irish and general European early medieval artefacts is sought for the produced metallographic samples. Possible examples artefacts produced by all three methods are found. Finally, everything is tied together with a reappraisal of material quality and how it manifests itself in different artefact types. A reading of the archaeological record is proposed where a lot of the weapons (especially swords), although much praised by the storytellers, were made of inferior materials, while the most care and importance was given to the tools which received a lot regular use by artisans.
Journal of World Prehistory
The Organisation and Practice of Metal Smithing in Later Bronze Age Europe2020 •
CHECK OUT FULL PAPER HERE: https://rdcu.be/b5FQx During the later Bronze Age in Europe (c. 1500-800 BC), the archaeological visibility of the production and consumption of bronze increases substantially. Yet there remains a significant imbalance between the vast number of finished artefacts that survive and the evidence for where, how, and by whom they were produced. At the centre of these questions is the metal smith, who has been variously regarded in scholarship as nomadic, a reviled outsider, elite in status, a mediator of wealth, a shaman or a proto-scientist. In most cases, however, the social role of the smith is seen as central to the functioning of Bronze Age societies This paper provides a new cross-regional study that evaluates current theoretical paradigms in the light of empirical evidence. It does this through contextual analyses of metalworking traces, focussing on case studies primarily from Atlantic, Nordic, Urnfield and Balkan regions of Europe. Our work breaks down the production cycle into various practical steps, and the material evidence for each step is evaluated. This enables similarities and differences on the broader European scale to be identified and discussed. Through this, our aim is to better characterise the modes of participation in smithing and the identities of those involved, and consequently to improve our understanding of the material patterns related to smithing activities that occur archaeologically. These patterns range from discard or deposition at settlements, the construction of identity in mortuary practice, technological choices in alloy design and treatment, and the quality of finished metalwork objects. Concerning the question of the single smith, it is argued that the material evidence in many regions indicates that metal-working was more broadly embedded in society; this might be through cross-craft interaction, the location of metalworking activities, and the reuse of casting debris and moulds. We argue that crafting metal was a commonplace and socially visible activity, which was in many regions a venue for enhancing social integration and stability.
Pleiner, R. (2006). Iron in Archaeology. Early European Blacksmiths. Praha: Archeologický ústav AVČR
Iron in Archaeology: Early European Blacksmiths (Pleiner 2006)S. W. E. Blum, T. Efe, T. L. Kienlin, E. Pernicka (eds.), From Past to Present: Studies in Memory of Manfred O. Korfmann. Studia Troica Monographien
Metalworking as a Craft in Bronze Age Europe: The Organization of Metal Production Within Tell Settlements in the Carpathian Basin2020 •
The aim of this paper is to unveil the organization of melting and casting activities within Bronze Age tell settlements in the Carpathian Basin using the available archaeological evidence. The suggested reconstruction rests on both past and current theoretical models detailing on the organization of craft production. For this purpose, both older and more recent trends in craft production studies in archaeology will be briefly presented in the first part of the article. Following this overview, opinions regarding the organization and nature of metalworking within Bronze Age Europe as well as the role of the smith will also be briefly outlined, as these have also been taken into consideration when interpreting the obtained results. Beginning with the study of the archaeologically visible steps of its chaîne opératoire, the craft of metalworking within tell sites will then be analysed. Examining the story as told by the archaeological record, an attempt will be made to reconstruct the way metal production was organized within Bronze Age tell settlements in the Carpathian Basin.
Bronze Age Metalworking in the Netherlands
Bronze Age Metalworking in the Netherlands (c.2000-800BC). A research into the preservation of metallurgy related artefacts and the social position of the smith.2008 •
Almost fifty years ago J.J. Butler started his research to trace the possible remains of a Bronze Age metalworkers workshop in the Netherlands. Yet, while metalworking has been deduced on the ground of the existence regional types of axes and some scarce finds related to metalworking, the production locus of the smith has remained elusive. In this Research Master Thesis I have tried to tackle this problem. I have considered both the social as well as the technological aspects of metalworking to be able to determine conclusively whether metalworking took place in the Netherlands or not. The first part of the thesis revolves around the social position of the smith and the social organization of metalworking. My approach entailed a re-evaluation of the current theories on metalworking, which I believe to be unfounded and one-sided. They tend to disregard production of everyday objects of which the most prominent example is the axe. The second part deals with the technological aspects of metalworking and how these processes are manifested in the archaeological record. Based on evidence from archaeological sites elsewhere in Europe and with the aid of experimental archaeology a metalworking toolkit is constructed. Finally, a method is presented which might help archaeologists recognize the production locus of a Bronze Age smith.
2013 •
This paper discusses non-ferrous metalworking on Gotland, Sweden, c. AD 500–1150 as it is reflected through products and production debris recovered during metal detector surveys over a period of more than 30 years. Since most of the surveys were focused on the recovery of silver hoards the production-related finds have mostly been overlooked by previous research. This is unfortunate since they often offer important clues, both for establishing where non-ferrous metalworking occurred and to how it was organised. An additional number of sites, identified through more traditional archaeological methods are also discussed. Altogether these finds help to increase the understanding of the Gotlandic society in the late Iron Age and Early Medieval Period.
2008 •
The Old Potter's Almanack Vol 19, No 2 (2014). Joint letter of the Ceramic Petrology Group and the Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group. https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/opa
The brazing of iron and the metalsmith as a specialised potter2015 •
Anders Söderberg describes the functional role of ceramic shells during the brazing process of iron artefacts (bells, padlocks, weights), focussing on the functionally different workshops at Birka and Sigtuna, in Sweden. The author focuses on how padlock production was strictly embedded in the broader economic medieval world. Scientific analyses also show that the local clay outcrops used for metallurgical purposes were different to those exploited for pottery production.
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